Showing posts with label IT share. Show all posts
Showing posts with label IT share. Show all posts

Saturday, May 26, 2012

စုစုစည္းစည္း အင္တာနက္စာမ်က္ႏွာလိပ္စာမ်ား

» www.Myanmartalk.net ျပည္တြင္းျဖစ္အီးေမး၊ chart phone ေတြကို
ဝန္ေဆာင္မႈေပးမယ့္ဆိုက္
» www.nyinaymin.net WIN RARမ႐ွိသူမ်ားအတြက္
» www.etelegram.net.mmမန္မာ့ဆက္သြယ္ေရးမွလြင့္တင္ထားေသာ online မွ
ေၾကးနန္းပို႔ႏိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.Myanmar-pac.org ျမန္မာအင္တာနက္ကေဖးဆိုင္မ်ားအတြက္ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.ezy.haiovs.org 100 Mb file မ်ားကို upload တင္၍ share လုပ္ႏိုင္
ေသာျပည္တြင္းဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.waitzar.com ျမန္မာဝက္ဘ္ဆိုက္လင့္မ်ားကိုၾကည့္႐ူ႕ႏိုင္
» www.freeonlinesarveys.comမန္မာတို႔ရဲ႕တစ္ကိုယ္ရည္စာမ်က္ႏွာစာရင္းမ်ားေဖာ္ျပ
ထားဝက္ဆိုက္ကေလးပါ
» www. ႀကိဳက္တဲ့ဆူဒိုခုဥာဏ္စမ္းကိုအေျဖထုတ္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့
ေဆာ့ဝဲအခမဲ့ရပါတယ္။
» www.nativemyanmar.net က႑စံုပါတဲ့ျမန္မာဝက္ဆိုက္ကေလးပါ
» www.Myanmar-pac.org ျမန္မာအင္တာနက္ကေဖးဆိုင္မ်ားအတြက္ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.myanmarengineering.orgမန္ ျမန္မာတို႔ရဲ႕တစ္ကိုယ္ရည္စာမ်က္ႏွာစာရင္းမ်ားေဖာ္ျပထားဝက္ဆိုက္ကေလးပါႀကိဳက္တဲ့ဆူဒိုခုဥာဏ္စမ္းကိုအေျဖထုတ္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ေဆာ့ဝဲအခမဲ့ရပါတယ္။ က႑စံုပါတဲ့ျမန္မာဝက္ဆိုက္ကေလးပါ
» www.MCPA-myanmar.org ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံကြန္ပ်ဴတာပညာ႐ွင္မ်ားအသင္း၏
ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.Networksolution.Net သင္လိုခ်င္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္လိပ္စာအသစ္ဟာ
႐ွိၿပီးသားလား၊မ႐ွိေသးဘူးလား႐ွာၾကည့္ႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.fixingmycomputer.com ကြန္ပ်ဴတာျပဳျပင္ေရးလမ္းညႊန္ဆိုက္
» www.majorgeeks.com ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆားဗစ္recovery /back-upေဆာ့ဖ္ဝဲမ်ား
ဝက္ဆုိက္
» www.problemclean.ning.com
» www.myanmaritpro.comပည္တြင္း ITနည္းပညာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.Tutorialized.com ေလ့လာဖို႔ Tutorial ေဆာ့ဝဲမ်ားအစံု႐ွိတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.webdesign.org ဝက္ဆိုက္ဒီဇိုင္းေတြေလ့လာဖို႔သင္ခန္းစာေတြ
နမူနာေတြအစံု႐ွိ
» www.w3schools.com ဝက္ဆိုက္ဒီဇိုင္းေတြေလ့လာဖို႔သင္ခန္းစာေတြ
နမူနာေတြအစံု႐ွိ
» www.sixrevisions.com web pageလုပ္ခ်င္သူမ်ားနမူနာလမ္းညႊန္နဲ႔ဒီဇိုင္းေတြ
ရယူဖို႔ဆိုက္
» www.newevolutiondesigns.com web pageလုပ္ခ်င္သူမ်ားလမ္းညႊန္ဆိုက္
» www.getnetwise.com အင္တာနက္ကိုလံုၿခဳံစြာသံုးႏိုင္ေရးအတြက္လမ္းညႊန္
ေပးတဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.w3schools.com HTML,NET,XML,Flash စတဲ့သင္ခန္းစာေတြအခမဲ့
သင္ယူ၊ေျဖဆိုႏိုင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.computerhope.com ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆိုင္ရာsoftware/hardwareျပႆနာမ်ား
ေျဖ႐ွင္းနည္းမ်ိဳးစံုေရးထားေသာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www. tizag.com websiteေရးသားဖို႔အတြက္ေလ့လာခ်င္သူေတြ
အသံုးတည့္မယ့္ ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.webteacher.org ဝက္ဆိုက္အေျခခံဗဟုသုတေတြ၊ကိုယ္ပိုင္ဝက္ဆိုက္
စာမ်က္ႏွာတစ္ခုျပဳလုပ္ပံု စတာေတြ႐ွင္းျပထားတဲ့
ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.world-cat.org ကမၻာတစ္ဝန္းကစာၾကည့္တိုက္ေတြကိုကြန္ရက္
ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးေနတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.elo-godesign.com လိုဂိုအေကာင္းဆံုးလင့္ခ္ ၃၀၀ ေက်ာ္ကိုစုစည္း
ေပးထားတဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္ portableapps.com ေပါ့ပါး
ေသးငယ္အသံုးႂကြယ္တဲ့ေဆာ့ဝဲေလးေတြကိုစုစည္း
ထားတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.pic-nik.com သင့္႐ုပ္ပံုတစ္ပံုကိုအင္တာနက္ေပၚမွာတည္းျဖတ္
ႏိုင္မယ့္ဝက္ဆုိက္
» www.betterworldlinks.org websiteသံုးေသာင္းေက်ာ္အျဖစ္အပ်က္ေတြကို
ေ႐ြးထုတ္ေပးထားတဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.the-zeal.com ဝင္ေငြထြက္ေငြ၊ရင္းႏွီးၿမွဳပ္မႈ၊အျမတ္အ႐ႈံးေတြကိုစီမံ
ခန္႔ခြဲႏိုင္ဖို႔ Money Manager Ex ဆိုတဲ့Freewareကို
ရယူႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.photobucket.com ဗီဒီယိုဖိုင္ေတြတင္ႏိုင္/ၾကည့္႐ႈႏိုင္သည့္ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.3dtotal.com သရီးဒီပံုေတြကိုေခါင္းစဥ္နဲ႔အေၾကာင္းအရာအသီးသီး
ေအာက္မွာ႐ွာႏိုင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆုိက္
» www.say-it.com seal အမွတ္အသားတံဆိပ္တစ္ခုအြန္လိုင္းကေနခ်က္
ခ်င္းဖန္တီးၿပီးတံဆိပ္တံုးတစ္ခုျပဳလုပ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.pagebybagebooks.com အခမဲ့ရႏိုင္တဲ့ E-book ေတြကိုဖတ္ရႈႏိုင္၊အခမဲ့ဆြဲခ်ႏိုင္
» www.meebo.com yahooသံုးသူေရာ၊Gtalk သံုးသူေရာ MSN သံုးသူေရာ
တစ္ေနရာတည္းမွာစကားေျပာႏိုင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.com-puter.howstuffworks.com ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနဲ႔ပတ္သက္တဲ့အရာေတြဘယ္လိုအလုပ္ လုပ္ၾကတယ္ဆိုတာေျပာျပေပးတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.dafont.com စာလံုးဖြန္႕ရာေပါင္းေထာင္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ႐ွိ
» www.fileinfo.net သင္မသိတဲ့ဖိုင္အမ်ိဳးအစားေတြကိုအဓိပၸါယ္ဖြင့္ေပးတဲ့
ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.bok.google.comမန္မာေ႐ွးေဟာင္းစာအုပ္မ်ားကိုအခမဲ့ဆြဲယူရရွိ
နိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.scratch.mit.edu ကြန္ပ်ဴတာပ႐ိုဂရမ္ဗဟုသုတမ႐ွိဘဲလႈပ္႐ွားမႈ
႐ုပ္ပံုမ်ားကိုအလြယ္တကူဆြဲခ်ၿပီးလုပ္ႏိုင္တဲ့
ဝက္ဆုိက္
» www.box.net ေနရာတိုင္းကေနဆြဲယူအသံုးျပဳႏိုင္တဲ့အျပင္ file
တစ္ခုခ်င္းကို share လုပ္လိုသူထဲအလြယ္တကူ
ေပးႏိုင္စြမ္း႐ွိတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.Yantanarpon.com.mm က႑စံုပါ၀င္ေသာျပည္တြင္းဝက္ဆိုက္တစ္ခု
» www.wikipedia.org ေဝါဟာရေပါင္းစံု၏အဓိပါၸယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုခ်က္မ်ား႐ွာရန္ဆိုက္
» www.sizeablesend.com ႀကီးတဲ့ဓာတ္ပံုေတြ၊ဗီဒီယိုေတြကိုအီးေမးနဲ႔အခမဲ့
ပို႕ႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္ပါပို႕သူရဲ႕အီးေမးနဲ႔ပို႕မယ့္ေနရာရဲ႕
အီးေမး႐ိုက္ထည့္ရပါတယ္
» www.emailfuture.com အီးေမးကိုေလးငါးႏွစ္ကိုယ္ႀကိဳက္တဲ့အခ်ိန္က်မွ
အလိုအေလ်ာက္ပို႕ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့အခမဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.nodevice.com ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဒ႐ိုက္ဘာ ေဆာ့ဝဲသံုးေသာင္းေက်ာ္ အခမဲ့
ရႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.Funmunch.com ေဝါေပပါအိုင္ကြန္၊ screensaner ကဗ်ာ၊ဟာသဂိမ္း
ecardမ်ားအစံုရႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.engadget.com နည္းပညာပစၥည္းေလးေတြမ်ိဳးစံုအေၾကာင္း
ေဖၚျပထားတဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.sovrceforge.net အခမဲ့ေဆာ့ဝဲလ္ေလးေတြရႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္ပါ
သင့္ေဆာ့ဝဲလ္ကိုလည္းတင္ေပးႏိုင္
» www.it men.com ကြန္ျပဴတာနည္းပညာဆိုင္ရာမ်ားကိုေဖၚျပထားေသာ
ျပည္တြင္းဆိုက္
» www.mmitdevelopment@Jacomda.im အိုင္စီတီနည္းပညာမ်ားကို GTalkမွေမးျမန္းႏိုင္သည့္
cbartroom
» www.speakingfaces.com သင့္မ်က္ႏွာဓာတ္ပံုကိုပို႔ေပးလိုက္ရင္စမတ္က်သူလား
အ႐ွက္ႀကီးသူလားဆြဲေတာင္မႈ႐ွိတဲ့သူလားျပန္ေျဖ
ပါလိမ့္မယ္
» www.Whoreadme.com သည္ဆိုက္ကေနအီးေမးပို႔ရင္သင့္အီးေမးကိုလကၡံသူ
ဖတ္မဖတ္ပို႕ၿပီးဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွဖတ္လဲဆိုတာကို
သိႏိုင္ပါတယ္
» www.festisite.com ကမၻာ့ေငြေၾကးစကၠဴေတြေပၚမွာသင့္မ်က္ႏွာကို
ထည့္သြင္းၾကည့္ႏိုင္တဲ့ေပ်ာ္စရာဆိုက္
» www.Myxer.com ဖံုးအတြက္Ring tone wallpaper.video.game ေတြ
အခမဲ့ရႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.myxer.com
» www.Baidu.com
» www.zamzar.com သင့္ဖိုင္ကိုဓာတ္ပံု၊႐ုပ္ပံုနဲ႔ဆိုင္တဲ့ဖိုင္အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးစာစီ
စာ႐ိုက္နဲ႔ဆိုင္တဲ့ဖိုင္အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးအျပင္အျခားဗီဒီယို
power point စသျဖင့္ လြယ္လင့္တကူ
ေျပာင္းေပးေသာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www. imagevenue.com သင့္ဘေလာ့ဂ္ထဲမွာပံုေလးေတြထည့္ႏိုင္ေအာင္အခမဲ့
ယူလို႔ရတဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.pvsusa.com ေမာက္စ္ျဖင့္႐ုပ္ပံု၊စာလံုးတု႔ိေရးဆြဲၿပီးအီးေမးလ္နဲ႔
ပို႕ႏုိင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.altools.net ဓာတ္ပံုေတြေျပာင္းလဲဖို႔၊အေရာင္ေတြညွိဖို႔၊ဓာတ္ပံု
အခ်င္းခ်င္းေပါင္းစပ္ႏိုင္တ ဲ့ALSee ဆိုတဲ့အခမဲ့
ေဆာ့ဖ္ဝဲကိုရယူႏိုင္
» www.Brave.net freewebpageရႏိုင္ေသာဆိုက္
» www.pattern8.com photoshopတြင္သံုးႏိုင္ေသာ patternမ်ားကိုအခမဲ့
ရႏိုင္သည္
» www.patternHead.com photoshopတြင္သံုးႏိုင္ေသာ patternမ်ားကိုအခမဲ့
ရႏိုင္သည္
» www.brusheezy.com photoshopအတြက္ Brush မ်ားအခမဲ့ရႏိုင္တဲ့ site
» www.ronyasoft.com စာေတြ၊ဇယားေတြ၊ေခါင္းစဥ္ေတြ၊ျပကၡဒိန္ေတြကိုအခမဲ့
သံုးလို႔ရတဲ့ ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.mandalayalpha.com ေဇာ္ဂ်ီေဖာင့္ရယူႏိုင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
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» www.Loonapix.com ဓာတ္ပံုမ်ားကိုအခမဲ့ျပဳျပင္ၿပီးလူမႈေရးဆိုက္တင္ႏိုင္တဲ့
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» www.photocase.com ဓာတ္ပံုမ်ားၾကည့္ရႈႏိုင္သည္
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» www.drop.io သင္ႀကိဳက္ရာဖိုင္ကိုonlineေပၚမွာသိမ္းထားႏိုင္၊
အီေမးမွ႐ွယ္ရာပို႕ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.Gret High Now.com သိပၸံအျမင္အာ႐ံုဆိုင္ရာဆိုက္တစ္ခု
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» www.avto-horkey.net မန္မိုရီစတစ္ထဲမွဖိုင္ေတြဖ်က္ပစ္ၿပီးရင္ျပန္႐ွာလို႔
ရေအာင္အမိႈက္ပံုးလုပ္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့iBin2.8ဖိုင္ကုိအခမဲ့
ရႏိုင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.sputtik.com အေကာင္းဆံုးနဲ႕အခမဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္ေတြကုို႐ွာေဖြညႊန္ျပ
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» www.filetac.com ဖိုင္ေတြဓာတ္ပံုေတြကို 2G ပမာဏအထိခ်ံဳ႕ႏိုင္
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» www.cointossr.com တစ္ေနရာစီကလူႏွစ္ေယာက္ဟာသည္ဆိုက္ကိုဝင္ၿပီး
ကိစၥတစ္ခုကိုဆံုးျဖတ္ဖို႕ေခါင္းပန္းလွန္လို႔ရတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.cs4fn. org ကြန္ပ်ဴတာသိပၸံနဲ႕ပတ္သက္ၿပီးေပ်ာ္႐ႊင္စရာ
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» www.mrpicassohead.com ပီကာဆိုလက္ရာလူပံုေတြကိုသင္ကိုယ္တိုင္
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» www.brothorsoft.com
» www. translation.com ဘာသာစကားေပါင္းမ်ားစြာကိုဘာသာျပန္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့
site
» www.elibrary.net.mm ဘာသာျပန္ေဆာ့ဝဲမ်ားကိုအခမဲ့ေလ့လာႏိုင္
» www.getjar.com mobile phoneနဲ႔ပက္သက္တာေတြကို
ၾကည့္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္
» www.freenaturepictures.comဝါေပပါမ်ားအခမဲ့ရႏိုင္ေသာ Site
» www.thefreesite.com အခမဲ့ေတြရမယ့္ဆိုက္တစ္ခု
» www.magwecity.com.mm အခမဲ့ေဆာ့ဝဲမ်ားရမယ့္ဆိုက္တစ္ခု
» www.ezy.haiovs.org 100 Mb file မ်ားကို upload တင္၍ share
လုပ္ႏိုင္ေသာျပည္တြင္းဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.dowtheme.com Wallpaper မ်ားကိုရႏိုင္ေသာ site ျဖစ္၏
» www.iconfinder.net အိုင္ကြန္ပံုေပါင္း ၁သိန္းေက်ာ္အခမဲ့ရႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.socwall.com ေဝါေပပါမ်ားေထာင္ေသာင္းခ်ီ႐ွိတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.kidzdon.com online ေပၚမွ Animation အ႐ုပ္ေလးေတြ
လႈပ္လိုရတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.blibs.com ကိုယ့္အိုင္ကြန္ကို Animation လုပ္လို႕ရတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.picasion.com Animation အ႐ုပ္ေလးေတြလႈပ္လိုရတဲ့ဆိုက္
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» www.fluxtime.com Animation အ႐ုပ္ေလးေတြလႈပ္လိုရတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.animasher.com Animation အ႐ုပ္ေလးေတြလႈပ္လိုရတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.friend18.com ႐ုပ္ပံုမ်ား၊ flash animationမ်ားဟာသမ်ားကို
အခမဲ့မွ်ေဝ/ရယူႏိုင္
» www.Coolclips.com clipartပံုေလးေတြမ်ိဳးစံုယူလို႔ရတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.video.google.com ဓာတ္ပံုမ်ားဗီဒီယိုမ်ားအစံု႐ွိေသာဆိုက္
» www.youtube.com ဓာတ္ပံုမ်ားဗီဒီယိုမ်ားအစံု႐ွိေသာဆိုက္
» www.myspace.com ဓာတ္ပံုမ်ားဗီဒီယိုမ်ားအစံု႐ွိေသာဆိုက္
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» www.dailymotion.com ဓာတ္ပံုမ်ားဗီဒီယိုမ်ားအစံု႐ွိေသာဆိုက္
» www.stardownloader.com ဖိုင္ႀကီးေတြကိုအပိုင္းအပိုင္းစိတ္ၿပီး download ခ်လို႔ရတဲ႔ေဆာ့ဝဲ ႐ွိတဲ့ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.portablefreeware.com အခမဲ့ portable soft ware ရႏိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္
တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
» www.esoft.web.Id free wareမ်ားရႏိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
» www.esoft.web.Id free wareမ်ားရႏိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
» www.softpedia.com free wareမ်ားရႏိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
» www.download.cnet.com free wareမ်ားရႏိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
» www.Lyngsat.com ၿဂိဳဟ္တုစေလာင္း tv ကုတ္နံပါတ္ေတြ႐ွာႏိုင္တဲ့
ဝက္ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.myamarnlp.org.mm
ထူးျခားဆိုက္မ်ား
» www.uneyclopedia.org ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားနဲ႔ဆင္တူတဲ့စြယ္စံုက်မ္းဝက္ဆိုက္ပါပဲ
» www.lifehacker.com ေန႔စဥ္ႀကံဳေတြ႕ရတဲ့ကိစၥေလးေတြကိုေျဖ႐ွင္းႏိုင္တဲ့
နည္းပညာေလးေတြစုစည္းေဖၚျပထားတဲ့ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.aftervote.com သည္ဝက္ဆိုက္မွာဂူဂဲလ္၊ရာဟူး၊MSN,Diggဝက္ဆိုက္
အားလံုးေပါင္း႐ွာသလိုၾကည့္ႏိုင္
» www.answerbag.com ေမးခ်င္တာေမးတစ္မိနစ္အတြင္းေျဖေပး၏
» www.langid.net မသိတဲ့စာေၾကာင္းကိုေကာ္ပီကူးၿပီး ကိုရီးယားလား
ဂ်ပန္စာလား၊႐ု႐ွစာလား......သိမယ့္ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.Ultrasonic-ringtones.com ကုိယ္ပဲၾကားရၿပီးတစ္ျခားလူေတြမၾကားရတဲ့
ထူးဆန္းေသာဖုန္းသံမ်ား႐ွိပါသည္
» www.scopesys.com သင္သိခ်င္တဲ့ေန႔စြဲကို႐ိုက္ထည့္ၿပီးအဲဒီေန႔ရဲ႕ ထူးျခား
ခ်က္နဲ႔ေန႔ထူးေန႔ျမတ္ေတြကိုေဖာ္ျပေပးလိမ့္မယ္
» www.onlinefunsite.com ဟာသဆန္ဆန္ဓာတ္ပံုေတြ ဂိမ္းေတြ၊႐ုပ္ပံုေတြေဖၚျပ
ထားတဲ့ဆိုက္ပါ။
» www.oddee.com ကမၻာေပၚမွအထူးအဆန္းဆံုး၊သတင္း၊ပစၥည္း၊ျဖစ္ရပ္၊
ကိစၥမ်ားကိုေဖာ္ျပထားသည္
» www.Dailymotion.com ထူးဆန္းတဲ့ျဖစ္ရပ္ေတြၾကည့္လို႔ရတဲ့ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.onlinefunsite.com ဟာသဆန္ဆန္ဓာတ္ပံုေတြ ဂိမ္းေတြ၊႐ုပ္ပံုေတြပါတဲ့
ဆိုဒ္ပါ။
» www.beautifulpeople.com ႐ုပ္ေခ်ာသူမ်ားကိုသာဝင္ခြင့္ျပဳသည့္ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.cracked.com ရယ္စရာအစံု႐ွိေနတဲ့ဆိုက္ပါ
» www.bluesfear.com ႐ုပ္ပံုခ်ည္းစုေပါင္းေရးဆြဲထားတဲ့စုစုေပါင္အ႐ွည္ ၈၂ေပ
ေက်ာ္ၿပီးသင္လည္းပါဝင္ႏိုင္တဲ့ကိုယ့္အလွည့္ေစာင့္ဖို႔
လိုမယ့္္အင္တာနက္ေပၚမွာအ႐ွည္ဆံုးဆိုတဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
တစ္ခုပါ-
» www.world wide tdescope.com သင့္ကြန္ျပဴတာေနအကာသထဲကိုတယ္လီစကုပ္နဲ႔
ၾကည့္လို႔ရေအာင္လုပ္ေပးမယ့္ဆိုက္ပါ
ဗိုင္းရပ္ဆိုင္ရာမ်ား
» www.virustotal.com အင္တာနက္မွအခမဲ့ဗိုင္းရပ္စ္စစ္ေပးႏိုင္သာဆိုက္
» www.virusscan.Jotti.org အင္တာနက္မွအခမဲ့ဗိုင္းရပ္စ္စစ္ေပးႏိုင္သာဆိုက္
» www.viruschief.com အင္တာနက္မွအခမဲ့ဗိုင္းရပ္စ္စစ္ေပးႏိုင္သာဆိုက္
» www.home.mcafee.com အင္တာနက္မွအခမဲ့ဗိုင္းရပ္စ္စစ္ေပးႏိုင္သာဆိုက္

စာနယ္ဇင္း
» www.Time.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.newsweek.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.ap.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.NYTime.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.googlenews.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.afp.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.yahoonews.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.CNN.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.bbc.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.Guardian.co.uk ဂါးဒီယန္းသတင္းစာ၏ဝက္ဆုိက္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္
» www.nationmultimedia.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.chanmelnewsasia.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.USatoday.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.Xinhuanet.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.reuters.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www. azp.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.ap.org ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.warshingtonpost.com ကမၻာ့သတင္းမ်ားၾကည့္ႏိုင္သည္။
» www.popurls.com ေနာက္ဆံုးျဖစ္ရပ္ေပၚျပဴလာတင္းမ်ားဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.slate.com ေဝါရွင္တန္ပို႕ရဲ႕ဆိုက္
» www.guerrillanews.com ကမၻာသတင္းဆိုင္ရာေခါင္းႀကီးပိုင္း၊ဗီဒီယို၊ဘေလာ့ဂ္
ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.wikileaks.org ခိုင္လံုေသာလူသိမခံေသာသတင္းမ်ိဳးစံုကိုအမည္
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» www.myanmarinternetjournal.com အင္တာနက္ဂ်ာနယ္ရဲ႕ဝက္ဆိုက္ပါ
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ေဖ်ာ္ေျဖေရး
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» www.Myanmar-music.com ျမန္မာသီခ်င္း၊သတင္း၊႐ုပ္႐ွင္၊ပါတဲ့ဆိုက္
» www.planet.com.mm ျမန္မာျပည္မွာပထမဆံုးတင္ခဲ့တဲ့ potral ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.nativemyanmar.net က႑စံုပါတဲ့ျမန္မာဝက္ဆိုက္
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» www.myanmarsongs.net ျမန္မာသီခ်င္းမ်ား
» www.myanmarmp3album.com ျမန္မာသီခ်င္းမ်ား
» www.songza.com အဂၤလိပ္သီခ်င္းေတြမ်ိဳးစံု႐ွိတဲ့ site
» www.pianostreet.com စႏၵယားဦးစားေပး ဂီတ site
» www.emp3world.com ႏိုင္ငံတကာ mp3သီခ်င္းမ်ားအခမဲ့ရႏိုင္ေသာဆိုက္
» www.Musicovery.com ေတးဂီတဆိုင္ရာဆိုက္ပါ
» www.MP3.DOREMIXY.com MP3ေတြကိုအခမဲ့ရႏိုင္တဲ့သီးခ်င္းဆိုက္
» www. Mp3.com mp3/mp4 သီခ်င္းေတြယူလို႔ရတဲ့ဆိုက္
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ေပးထားတဲ့ဆိုက္
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ဖန္တီးႏိုင္တဲ့ဆိုက္
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sing-upလုပ္ၿပီးဖိုင္ေတြဖလွယ္သံုးဖို႔ပါတဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.mrtv-4 net.mm MRTV-4ႏွင့္ဆက္စပ္႐ုပ္သံလိုင္းမ်ားအင္တာနက္
ေပၚမွၾကည့္႐ႈႏိုင္ရန္စီစဥ္ေနေသာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.imdb.com ကမၻာ့အႀကီးမားဆံုး႐ုပ္႐ွင္ဇာတ္ကားသတင္းအခ်က္
အလက္ေဖာ္ျပထားတဲ့ website ဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.remlap.com MP-3မ်ိဳးစံုစီမံဖန္တီးၿပီး၊MP-3သီခ်င္းနဲ႔ေခါင္းစဥ္ေတြ
သီဆိုသူနာမည္ေတြမွာပါတဲ့ keyword ေတြ
႐ိုက္ထည့္႐ုံနဲ႔ခ်က္ခ်င္း႐ွာေဖြေပးႏိုင္သည္
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» rockhall.com ေရာ့ခ္ဂီတနဲ႕ပက္သက္ၿပီးအမွတ္တရ႐ုပ္ပံုေတြ၊အသံ
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» www.mp3realm.org သီခ်င္းေတြကိုစာသား႐ိုက္ၿပီး႐ွာေဖြလို႔ရတဲ့ သီခ်င္း
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» www.Hulu.com အခမဲ့တီဗီႏွင့္႐ုပ္႐ွင္မ်ားကိုအဆင့္ျမင့္အရည္အေသြး
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» www.kidzui.com ကေလးမ်ားအတြက္ဝက္ဆိုက္တစ္ခု
ေဗဒင္
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» www. Luckybusinessmyanmar.com ျမန္မာ့နကၡတ္ေဗဒင္ဆိုင္ရာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.Bornchildmyanmar.com ကေလးမ်ားေမြးဖြားခ်ိန္တြက္ခ်က္ႏိုင္ေသာဝက္ဆိုက္
» www.-Free.tarot.reading.net တားေရာ့ေဗဒင္အေဟာၾကည့္ႏိုင္တဲ့ဝက္ဆိုက္

Thursday, May 3, 2012

Restriction of Internet in Burma - 2012

The article is posted by Reporters Without Borders' web page.
Published on Monday 12 March 2012. Updated on Saturday 10 March 2012.

The recent and relative opening of the Burmese regime has resulted in information being more freely circulated on the Internet, despite continued close monitoring. The international community and Burmese human rights activists need to remain vigilant and keep striving for more freedom. One priority is to reform the liberticidal legislative framework. While much progress is still needed, the reforms already underway would be difficult to reverse.
The Thein Sein era is off to a troubling start for Internet freedoms
In March 2011, President Thein Sein stated in his inaugural address that the media’s role must be respected. However, the already severe restrictions imposed on cybercafés (see the Burma chapter of the 2011 “Enemies of the Internet” report) were tightened in May 2011. The use of external hard drives, USB flash drives and CDs were banned, as was the use of Internet telephony services (VoIP) to make international calls – a measure apparently meant to further isolate dissidents.
Journalists and bloggers released, websites unblocked
In the last few months, a series of amnesties has allowed thousands of detainees, including hundreds of prisoners of conscience, to be released. Among them were journalists and bloggers. All journalists working for the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), including Hla Hla Win, Ngwe Soe Lin, Win Maw, Sithu Zeya and his father U Zeya, as well as freelance journalists Thant Zin Aung and Zaw Thet Htwe and blogger Nay Phone Latt, were released, the last of them in January 2012. Blogger and comedian Zarganar had been released in October 2011.
Several Internet news websites, including YouTube, BBC, Reuters, The Bangkok Post, Straits Times, Radio Free Asia, Irrawaddy, Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), and the Burmese version of Voice of America were unblocked right after the visit of the United Nations’ special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Burma, which coincided with the International Day of Democracy.
Between optimism and vigilance
In November 2011, Reporters without Borders interviewed renowned dissident Aung San Suu Kyi during a video conference held in the United States by the Council on Foreign Relations on the status of media freedom in Burma. She stated, “The situation has gradually improved,” and said that the authorities are starting to “make concessions,” adding “I think that this détente applies to everyone in general.” Since September 2011, her name can be published in the media.
Nay Phone Latt, who – along with Zarganar – won Reporters Without Borders’ Blogger Award, said in an interview granted to Reporters Without Borders after his release in January 2012, that the new media and bloggers had helped bring political change in Burma, but also cautioned, “We are not yet free. (..) The repression is still going on.” During his talk on the France 24 TV station, he had confided: “I cannot help but find the swiftness of these changes troubling.” He also recalled: “It is now possible to use Gmail, read blogs, go on Facebook, and visit news sites, but the laws governing restrictions and authorized websites still exist and must be repealed. (...) We will not be completely safe as long as there is no law to protect freedom of expression.”
In fact, in order for reforms to take hold and to avoid any setback, the entire legal framework needs to be revised. One positive sign is that the authorities have promised to adopt in 2012 a media law that will put an end to censorship. They are then expected to revise or repeal the Electronic Act and emergency rule. Some individuals are still being arrested under the Unlawful Association Act, or treason charges.
Although certain key opposition figures such as Min Ko Naing and Ashin Gambira have been released, blogger Kaung Myat Hlaing (Nat Soe), imprisoned since April 2010, and four other journalists remain behind bars, as do more than 450 political prisoners, according to National League for Democracy’s estimates. Others, like DVB journalist Sithu Zeya, have been granted a conditional release but may be returned to prison at any time if, for example, they send a photo to the DVB. Some feel that these amnesties were inadequate and that the government is using the remaining prisoners as hostages in their negotiations with the international community.
The very structure of the new Burmese Internet as modified in 2010 gives the authorities more surveillance options, while reserving the fastest and best-quality access for the government and military, according to an exclusive report issued by Reporters Without Borders and the Burma Media Association. Undetectable sniffers may be placed on the public’s ISP to retrieve various confidential user information. The authorities need to show proof of transparency and authorize an independent audit of the infrastructure that would outline the needed changes in order to reassure users and rid the platform of abusive surveillance tools. They also need to explain their plans for ISPs Myanmar Post and Telecommunication (MPT) and Yatanarpon, what control the State will continue to exert on these two structures and the possibilities and conditions for privatization. Burma’s use of Blue Coat technologies, observed on the Yatanarpon Teleport ISP, is raising questions about the company’s filtering policy and how it might be used for Internet surveillance.
Several reports attest to a very slow bandwidth speed – so slow that the Eleven Media group recently launched a news via SMS system to better meet its readers’ needs.
The regime also needs to extend Internet access to the whole population. Currently, just 1% of the latter enjoys Internet access, and the country only has about 500 cybercafés, mainly in large cities.
The streamlining of Burma’s (primarily trade) relations with the West remains a key factor in accounting for the recent changes made by the Burmese regime, which is anxious to climb out of its economic slump and offset the hegemonic Chinese influence.
For many years, Burma has coveted the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) presidency. The reforms undertaken guarantee that it will win it for the year 2014. An easing of U.S. sanctions could take place shortly, but Congress is still highly critical of the regime and pushing for more reforms and a democratic transition. The eyes of the world are on Burma in the run-up to its April 2012 by-elections.


Wednesday, April 11, 2012

Social media to play big role in Myanmar vote

STILL CENSORED:The print media are busy testing the limits of how far the regime will let them go in covering Suu Kyi’s activity amid today’s elections
AFP, YANGON, MYANMAR


Myanmar’s journalists will take to Twitter and Facebook in their battle to beat press restrictions and deliver breaking news of today’s by-elections that for many will be the biggest story of their careers.
The vote — the first contested by opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and likely to propel her into parliament — is set to pose a host of challenges for news editors from the country’s long-censored media.
All private news publications are weekly, after the previous military rulers nationalized dailies half a century ago and “everybody wants to be a Monday paper this week,” said Thiha Saw, editor of Open News, one of a number of papers to have applied for permission to print a day after the by-elections.
Those newspapers not shifting their print runs will rely on their burgeoning social media pages to provide readers with up to date coverage.
“Our paper will be [published] after the election, so we will post on Facebook and our Twitter account, so we will update all the news every hour after the polling stations open,” said Nyein Nyein Naing, executive editor of 7Day News, one of the country’s biggest weeklies with an estimated readership of 1.5 million.
Until last year, prominent coverage of Aung San Suu Kyi — known in Myanmar as “The Lady” — was almost unheard of and people who spoke to reporters were taking a real risk.
Front page pictures of the Nobel prize-winning opposition leader are now commonplace, while coverage of some other previously taboo subjects is also allowed after a new regime loosened censorship as part of wide-ranging reforms that have taken observers by surprise.
Weeklies are still subject to pre-publication scrutiny that is described by media rights organizations as among the world’s most draconian, but Nyein Nyein Naing said newspapers were increasingly deciding not to send sensitive stories to the censors.
“We are just trying to push our boundaries a little bit. We do something one week and nothing happens, so we do more the next week,” she said, indicating the latest edition of the paper, which carried a front page story about the controversial decision by authorities to postpone voting in three constituencies in Kachin State due to ongoing ethnic unrest in the northern region.
She said when it comes to breaking news online, editors publish what they want.
“For the Facebook and Twitter, we don’t think about censorship at all, we just put everything that we have got.”
She said 7Day News had become increasingly reliant on Facebook to reach its readership.
A story posted on the 7Day page of the social media Web site about electricity blackouts, an increasing problem during the summer months, had more than a hundred comments and 165 shares in just two hours — no mean feat in a country where only a fraction of the population has access to the Internet.
However, while censors might not stop papers covering the election in real time — the Internet itself could pose a challenge in a country beset by outages during sensitive periods.
“We all are worried about the Internet connection. Not only me but other journalists who are running their stories through the Internet,” said Nyein Nyein Naing.
She added that her reporter could not send pictures during a recent Aung San Suu Kyi trip to the far north because the connection was down.
“I don’t think that would be coincidentally,” she said when asked if the authorities were behind the outage.

Burma journalists use social media to report on elections

KELLY MACNAMARA  RANGOON, BURMA - Mar 31 2012 09:41

Burma's journalists will take to Twitter and Facebook in their battle to beat press restrictions and deliver breaking news of Sunday's by-elections that for many will be the biggest story of their careers.

The vote -- the first contested by opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and likely to propel her into parliament -- is set to pose a host of challenges for news editors from the country's long-censored media.

All private news publications are weekly, after the previous military rulers nationalised dailies half a century ago and "everybody wants to be a Monday paper this week", said Thiha Saw, editor of Open News, one of a number of papers to have applied for permission to print a day after the by-elections.

Those newspapers not shifting their print runs will rely on their burgeoning social media pages to provide readers with up to date coverage.

"Our paper will be (published) after the election, so we will post on Facebook and our Twitter account, so we will update all the news every hour after the polling stations open," said Nyein Nyein Naing, executive editor of 7Day News, one of the country's biggest weeklies with an estimated readership of 1.5-million.

The Lady
Until last year, prominent coverage of Suu Kyi -- known here as "The Lady" -- was almost unheard of and people who spoke to reporters were taking a real risk.

Front page pictures of the Nobel prize-winning opposition leader are now commonplace, while coverage of some other previously taboo subjects is also allowed after a new regime loosened censorship as part of wide-ranging reforms that have taken observers by surprise.

Weeklies are still subject to pre-publication scrutiny that is described by media rights organisations as among the world's most draconian, but Nyein Nyein Naing told AFP newspapers were increasingly deciding not to send sensitive stories to the censors.

"We are just trying to push our boundaries a little bit. We do something one week and nothing happens, so we do more the next week," she said, indicating the latest edition of the paper, which carried a front page story about the controversial decision by authorities to postpone voting in three constituencies in Kachin state due to ongoing ethnic unrest in the northern region.
CONTINUES BELOW


She said when it comes to breaking news online, editors publish what they want.

Readership and Facebook
"For the Facebook and Twitter, we don't think about censorship at all, we just put everything that we have got."

She said 7Day News had become increasingly reliant on Facebook to reach its readership.

A story posted on the 7Day page of the social media website about electricity blackouts, an increasing problem during the summer months, had more than a hundred comments and 165 shares in just two hours -- no mean feat in a country where only a fraction of the population has access to the Internet.

But while censors might not stop papers covering the election in real time -- the Internet itself could pose a challenge in a country beset by outages during sensitive periods.

"We all are worried about the Internet connection. Not only me but other journalists who are running their stories through the Internet," said Nyein Nyein Naing, adding that her reporter could not send pictures during a recent Suu Kyi trip to the far north because the connection was down.

Outages
"I don't think that would be coincidentally," she said when asked if the authorities were behind the outage.

Wai Phyo, editor in chief of Eleven Media, said he was also concerned about the Internet connection but the organisation will also use its text service to send news to subscribers' mobile phones on election night.

"We will use all possible ways to send out our information," he said.

"The main thing is the Internet connection on that day. We have many difficulties. I want the Internet to be good."

But he said journalists' ability to report on the vote would be a test of the poll.

Expected result
"The world is watching. I think our press freedom to cover the by-election will decide whether it is free and fair," he said.

Thiha Saw, who will be busy compiling early results on Sunday night in the run up to his midnight print deadline, said he had already written the Open News election supplement cover.

"There will be the picture of the Lady -- we have got hundreds of them -- and the title will be 'The Lady wins'!" he said with obvious relish. -- Sapa-AFP


Link : http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-31-myanmar-journalists-use-social-media-top-report-on-elections

Burma: Role of freedom of expression in democratisation processes

Agnes Callamard, 29 Mar 2012 

Presentation to the Conference on Media Development in Myanmar, Organised by the Ministry of Information and UNESCO Rangoon, Myanmar, March 19-20, 2012 

I am deeply honoured to be here today – in a Myanmar in dialogue and open exchange.
I am very honoured and very surprised - I don’t think I ever expected to be here today – yet time and time again world events and sheer human courage teach us that change is not to be predicted.
This is the story of the last 14 months.  From January 2011 many of us, human rights activists, have been riding the roller coaster of human rights change, beginning with Tunisia and taking us right through to today in Myanmar.
Together we have witnessed the changes of these last months with some amazement and, of course, a degree of scepticism – greeting them with cautious optimism.
What is certain is that these changes that have spread across the Middle East and which are taking place in Myanmar must make us think again.  For all of us, all who never imagined change would come in that way at this time, we have much to be humble about and much to reassess. Few of us saw this change coming and for those who did, very few, if any, thought they would bring democratisation.
The reality is that for all our expertise, even with all our data and despite all our reporting and careful analysis, it seems that still we under estimated a number of things.  What those aspects are precisely remains for us to determine together.  But what is clear already is that a main lesson that Myanmar teaches us all and experts in particular, is humility. 
So today we are here in Yangon – present to offer our congratulations for the important steps already taken, to highlight our concerns over what has not yet been done, and, most importantly, to speak together about the challenges that lie ahead.
In this session, I will be focusing on the place of freedom of expression / media laws and legal reforms in the process you have undertaken.

I - Why does freedom of expression and freedom of the media matter?

Before focusing on the importance and role of a proper legal framework, we may need to reiterate a few things about why freedom of expression, freedom of the media matter.
Human rights are the foundation of human dignity, freedom, justice and peace. The 1948 Universal Declaration on Human Rights laid out equal rights for all people and three fundamental principles governing human rights: rights are universal, meaning that rights apply to everyone whoever or wherever that person is; inalienable, in that they precede state authority and are based on peoples’ humanity; and indivisible in that all rights are of equal importance. 
The UDHR was also intended to provide a common framework and understanding across nations for preventing the religious, racial, political and sectarian strife which plagued humanity throughout its history, culminating in the Second World War.  This idea is forcefully expressed in the preamble of the UDHR, which explicitly mentions freedom of speech and beliefs together as the highest aspirations of the common people.
Expression and Information are two sides of the same coin.   
At its very first session, in 1946, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 59(I) which states: “Freedom of information is a fundamental human right and ... the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated.”
ARTICLE 19 considers freedom of expression as a cornerstone right - one that enables other rights to be protected and exercised.  The full enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression is central to achieving individual freedoms and developing democracy and plays a critical role in tackling the underlying causes of poverty[1].
It makes electoral democracy meaningful and builds public trust in administration. Access to information strengthens mechanisms to hold governments accountable for their promises, obligations and actions.  It not only increases the knowledge base and participation within a society but can also secure external checks on state accountability, and thus prevent corruption that thrives on secrecy and closed environments.
Freedom of expression and freedom of information are crucial to democracy and the enjoyment of other rights.  The importance of freedom of expression was particularly emphasised by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights which stated:
Freedom of expression is a cornerstone upon which the very existence of a democratic society rests.  It is indispensable for the formation of public opinion. It is also a conditio sine qua non for the development of political parties, trade union, scientific and cultural societies and, in general, those who wish to influence the public. It represents, in short, the means that enable the community, when exercising its opinions, to be sufficiently informed. Consequently, it can be said that a society that is not well informed is not a society that is truly free.[2]   
If people are not free to say what they want, to disseminate information and expression their opinion on matters of political interest, and to receive information and ideas from a variety of sources, then they will not be able to case an informed vote or to participate in governance in other ways.  The right to freedom of expression and freedom of information are also key in any system for protecting and promoting the enjoyment of all other human rights – whether civil or political rights, or economic, social and cultural rights.
The guarantee of freedom of expression applies with particular force to the media. The European Court has consistently emphasised the “pre-eminent role of the press in a State governed by the rule of law” and has stated: “Freedom of the press affords the public one of the best means of discovering and forming an opinion of the ideas and attitudes of their political leaders. In particular, it gives politicians the opportunity to reflect and comment on the preoccupations of public opinion; it thus enables everyone to participate in the free political debate which is at the very core of the concept of a democratic society.[3]

II - Freedom of expression and Media legislation: why do laws matter?

The rule of law is to a stable sustainable society what the skeleton is to the human body.  Without a strong, stable, unbroken and nourished skeletal underpinning the human body falls, fails, simply cannot function in any reliable manner.  With a sound skeletal framework in place, the human body can absorb the stresses of it movements and its ambitions: we can sit, stand, run, create, defend, protect, assert.  
For human society, it is law that is the essential skeleton on which all stable and sustainable functioning relies.  Sustainable society – which requires right-full and responsible citizens, a stable basis for sound economic enterprise, open space for scientific innovation and artistic creativity – cannot stand unless it is underpinned by a vigorous rule of law supported an independent judiciary. 
Establishing, maintaining and abiding by this system of law are the principal functions of government.   Under the doctrine of the separation of powers there is a tripartite of complementary roles to be fulfilled: those who have the formal power to create legislation – the legislators; the judicial branch which has the formal power to interpret legislation and the executive branch which can act only within the powers and limits set by the law. 
Not all law are good laws.  Indeed, there is no equality amongst laws. There are laws that meet what the international community has determined to be good standards.
And there are laws that don’t.
Inequality, repression, discrimination, corruption can be embedded by, through and in law.  Racism was entrenched in law by the apartheid regime of South Africa.  Colonial power was entrenched in a multitude of laws.  Nazi Germany’s obsession with legislation and regulation enabled the mass extermination of millions of Jews and thousands of others.  History has shown us that systematic repression, mass scale suppression and grave human rights violations have often been formally justified, if not entrenched, in law – in bad law.
These examples and many others prompted the international community to work together to define, determine, agree on standards for good law; prompted governments to establish the United Nations to set those standards, agree a multitude of conventions and treaties, and establish international courts.

III - International standards on freedom of expression 

So for the laws to play their role as far as freedom of expression and freedom of the Media are concerned, they must meet a set of international agreed standards. And in the best case scenario, they should also seek to meet existing best practices within the international community.
There is no space or time here to present all international or regional standards related to freedom of expression, freedom of information or freedom of the media.
One excellent point of departure for an overview is a recent interpretation by the Human Rights Committee of article 19 of the ICCPR.  General Comment 34 provides an authoritative interpretation of international standards regarding freedom of expression, including freedom of the media and freedom of information.
For the purpose of this presentation, I will highlight a few broad elements pertaining to the internationally agreed interpretation of freedom of expression.
First, the right to freedom of expression and freedom of information are protected by a number of international human rights instruments that bind states.  Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) guarantees the right to freedom of expression in the following terms:
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.[4]
The UDHR, as a UN General Assembly Resolution, is not directly binding on states. However, parts of it, including Article 19, are regarded as having acquired legal force as customary international law.[5] 
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) elaborates upon and gives legal force to many of the rights articulated in the UDHR.   
It is a pity that Myanmar has not yet ratified the ICCPR and indeed my first recommendation will be that it does so as a matter of urgency and priority.  In his speech this morning, the honourable Minister of Information made reference to articles 19 and 20 of the ICCPR and to article 10 of the European Convention. I take these references as indicating the Minster’s and the Union’s understanding of the importance of such international benchmarks.
As of 20 January 2012, the ICCPR has 167 states party to respect its provisions and implement its framework at the national level.[6]
Article 19 of the ICCPR guarantees freedom of expression and freedom of information as follows:  
1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.
2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.
3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;
(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.
Second, international law protects the right to hold opinions as well as expression generally.  
The right to hold opinions is an absolute right under international law, in recognition of the illegitimacy of the state trying to either prohibit certain opinions or to force individuals to adopt certain opinions.  Article 19 of the ICCPR protects all forms of opinion. General Comment No 34 of the Human Rights Committee states: 
9. This is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction.  Freedom of opinion extends to the right to change an opinion whenever and for whatever reason a person so freely chooses.  No person may be subject to the impairment of any rights under the Covenant on the basis of his or her actual, perceived or supposed opinions.  All forms of opinion are protected, including opinions of a political, scientific, historic, moral or religious nature.  It is incompatible with paragraph 1 to criminalize the holding of an opinion.  The harassment, intimidation or stigmatization of a person, including arrest, detention, trial or impairment of the opinions they may hold, constitutes a violation of article 19, paragraph 1
10. Any form of effort to coerce the holding or not holding of any opinion is prohibited.  Freedom to express one’s opinion necessarily includes freedom not to express one’s opinion.
Third, international law defines the modes of expression covered by freedom of expression and freedom of information broadly. Article 19 covers “freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice” (emphasis added). 
The Human Rights Committee has recently affirmed that these words require a very broad interpretation.  It has stated:
11.  Paragraph 2 requires States parties to guarantee the right to freedom of expression, including the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds regardless of frontiers. This right includes the expression and receipt of communications of every form of idea and opinion capable of transmission to others, subject to the provisions in article 19, paragraph 3, and article 20. It includes political discourse, commentary on one’s own and on public affairs, canvassing, discussion of human rights, journalism, cultural and artistic expression, teaching, and religious discourse. It may also include commercial advertising. The scope of paragraph 2 embraces even expression that may be regarded as deeply offensive, although such expression may be restricted in accordance with the provisions of article 19, paragraph 3 and article 20.
12.  Paragraph 2 protects all forms of expression and the means of their dissemination. Such forms include spoken, written and sign language and such non-verbal expression as images and objects of art. Means of expression include books, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, banners, dress and legal submissions. They include all forms of audio-visual as well as electronic and internet-based modes of expression.
Fourthly, freedom of expression includes freedom of information, including the right to access government-held information.  As recently expressly confirmed by the Human Rights Committee, Article 19(2) embraces a right of access to information held by public bodies.[7]  In the ASEAN region, Indonesia has adopted a freedom of information legislation while in China, a number of large cities, states and municipalities have done the same. Cambodia is currently considering an access to information law.
Fourth, freedom of expression standards also includes Media freedom. The issue has been the object of a vast number of interpretations and jurisprudence around the world. For the purpose of this presentation, I will highlight what I think are some of the key elements of media freedom under international human rights law. 
a)    Pluralism: Governments are under a duty, indeed a positive obligation to promote pluralism within, and ensure equal access of all to, the media, that is to ensure that citizens have access to diverse and reliable sources of information on topics of interest to them.
b)    Independence: In order to promote pluralism and protect the right to freedom of expression, it is imperative that the media be permitted to operate independently of government control. This ensures that the media plays its role as public watchdog and that the public has access to a wide range of opinions, especially on matters of public interest. This has important implications for media regulatory models. 
c)    In terms of regulation, for the print media, there is overall agreement that self-regulation is the best system for promoting high standards in the media.
d)    With regard to the broadcast media, it may be more strictly regulated than print media in order to manage the limited available spectrum, but this regulation should follow strict principles:
  • No State monopoly over broadcasting
  • No prior censorship
  • Three kinds of broadcasting should be able to co-exist and access the airwaves: public, private and community
  • A regulatory body, fully independent from political and economic interest, shall be responsible for issuing broadcasting licences and for ensuring observance of licence conditions 

The limits to freedom of expression, including freedom of the Media: the three part test

Yet, the right is freedom of expression, under international human rights law, may be restricted in order to protect a legitimate aim, amongst others, the rights of others, and public order, if it is done by law and if it is "necessary in a democratic society" to do so.
To be legitimate, a restriction to freedom of expression must meet a three part test:
  • First, it must be prescribed by law;
  • Second, it must pursue a legitimate aim, such as respect of the rights or reputations of others, protection of national security, public order, public health or morals; and
  • Third, the restriction should be necessary to secure the legitimate aim and meet the test of proportionality.[8]  
To keep with the focus of this presentation, I will elaborate on the first part of this test and what constitutes an appropriate law.
The following points were developed in a recent brief drafted by ARTICLE 19 to assist with constitutional reform in Tunisia[9].
  • “To be characterised as a law, a norm must be formulated with sufficient precision to enable an individual to regulate his or her conduct accordingly.[10]
  • Ambiguous, vague or overly broad restrictions on freedom of expression or freedom of information which fail to set the exact scope of their application are therefore impermissible under Article 19(3). 
  • General Comment No 34 further provides that for the purpose of Article 19(3) a law may not confer unfettered discretion for restricting freedom of expression on those charged with executing that law.[11] 
  • Laws must provide sufficient guidance to those charged with their execution to enable them to ascertain what sorts of expression are properly restricted and what sorts are not.  This is a particularly important requirement in countries, such as Myanmar where a myriad of laws have been developed. 
  • The requirement that the law be sufficiently precise for this purpose is closely related to the requirements of necessity and proportionality (the third part of the test above mentioned). It ensures that restrictions on freedom of expression are only employed for legitimate protective objectives and limits the opportunity to manipulate those restrictions for other purposes”[12]. 

IV - The legislative framework for freedom of expression in Myanmar

I think it is fair to say that many laws in Myanmar today do not meet the standards I have presented so far. 
A number were inherited from the colonial era and have not been revised even though they were established to defend a state of affair that is no longer recognised as legitimate.
A large number of current laws imposes restrictions which simply put do not meet any internationally recognised standards of legitimate restrictions. 
To cite just a few[13]:
Section 122 of the Penal Code of Burma 1957 prohibits any criticism of the government or the State (criminal defamation).
Printers and Publishers Registration Act 1962 establishes the government’s Press Scrutiny and Registration Division and broadcasting censorship board, that approve all press, television, radio and cinema content before they can publish
The Official Secrets Act 1923, Emergency Provisions Act 1950, Electronic Transactions Act 2004 prohibit the collection, possession or dissemination of information or “false news” which is “detrimental to national interests”, and provide for 14 year terms of imprisonment or the death penalty 
The Burma Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933, as amended in 1995 and 1996, Computer Science Development Act 1996, Television and Video Act 1996 aim to stop people from privately disseminating or receiving information, prohibiting the possession or use of radios, fax machines, mobile phones, modems, VCRs, or computers without a licence from the government and provide for up to 15 years imprisonment.
In addition to the problematic legislative framework for the protection of the right to freedom of expression, the judicial system lacks independence and does not yet operate as a safeguard against arbitrariness and to protect the rule of law.

A first positive step: The 2008 Constitution

Chapter 8 of the Constitution is titled ‘Citizen, Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Citizens’ and contains the right to freedom of expression under Article 354:
Every citizen shall be at liberty in the exercise of the following rights, if not contrary to the laws, enacted for Union security, prevalence of law and order, community peace and tranquillity or public order and morality: a) to express and publish freely their convictions and opinions;...”
This is a good start. Unfortunately, the fundamental rights in Chapter 8 are undermined by the supremacy of the “Defence Services”. The Defence Services are permitted to participate in the State’s executive function (Article 6), revoke any of the fundamental rights to maintain “peace” (Article 382), and are – rather than the judiciary – responsible for safeguarding the Constitution (Article 20(e)).
In spite of its shortcomings, the 2008 Constitution laid the ground for the democratisation reform which we have been witnessing for the last 12 months.

A second step: the June 2011 reform

As highlighted in the IMS Report of January 2012, the June 2011 reform initiated by the Government relaxed the provisions of the 1962 Publications Act for a selected group of journals and magazines (health, children, technology and sports sector publications) which are no longer required to submit their publications for advance approval. Unfortunately, there are a number of so-called Category II journals and magazines (politics, religion, business, education and crime) which are still the object of prior review and prior censorship. 
Further, according to the IMS report, “almost half the 358 publications that are non-news, non-current affairs and less sensitive have been declared exempt from pre-publication censorship, but they are governed through a pre-deposited fine system in the event of publishing an ‘unhealthy’ story. Thus, an environment of self-censorship has been created while exempting publications from pre-scrutiny.. Under the new guidelines of June 2011, a Complaint Commission has been established that will conduct post-publication review of published content for any transgression of the Four National Objectives that may adversely affect national solidarity and harmony or defame anyone...[14]
Still, the change initiated in June 2001, and the subsequent release of all journalists and a number of political prisoners, did signal a profound change and move towards democratic reforms. 

V - RECOMMENDATIONS

Clearly Myanmar has adopted an incremental, highly controlled, step by step approach to the change and democratisation process.  This approach was highlighted by the Minister in his speech this morning.
The first step consisted in easing the restrictions of the 1962 Publications law as part of the June 2011 reform. The country is currently engaged in the second step, the development of a new media law.
In view of the above presentation on “good legislation”, what kind of recommendations can we make in the context of an incremental approach
Ratify the ICCPR: this must be an essential step as the international framework should guide the democratization process. It is what will give the reforms its international and national legitimacy and it is what will give assurance that this is a genuine process of reforms.
Transparency: The text of the draft laws or new policies must be made available to the people of Myanmar. Right now, the rumours regarding new media laws and the absence of transparency over their content are contrary to the objectives of the process and are not effective. Constructive engagement with these texts from a variety of actors can only strengthen the text itself and most importantly their legitimacy. There is a high degree of anxiety within the media sector in Myanmar which is particularly detrimental to the twin objectives of trust and responsibility which were identified by the Minister of Information as key to the reform process.
Repeal existing restrictive laws: the adoption of new laws is probably an effective and efficient approach to the reform agenda, given the myriad of older laws that are currently unduly restricting freedom of expression, amounting to a maze of restrictions and slowing down the reform process. 
At the same time, it is vital that these older laws be repealed (or superseded by new ones where relevant) for otherwise they will create great legal uncertainty, and  remain threatening. 
A new Press Law?: It is generally accepted that “while the broadcast media may necessitate state regulation, only to prevent chaos on the airwaves, such a necessity does not extend to the print media. For this reason, most democracies have moved to abolish their press laws and regulate the print media through laws of general application. Indeed, the experience of transitioning democracies in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism show that even young democracies with an immature free media do not need a press law.”[15] 
ARTICLE 19 always tends to approach specific press laws with caution. Our experience is that such laws are unnecessary, as they tend to be used by governments as an instrument to excessively restrict the right to freedom of expression and information.
This said, we engage constructively and with open mind with many governments around the world. Most recently, the government of Tunisia has adopted a new press law. ARTICLE 19 has provided a number of confidential legal reviews of various drafts.
I will suggest that the Government of Myanmar consider the press law adopted by Tunisia. It presents shortcomings but a number of positive aspects which could be emulated. I am citing this example given the fact that Tunisia has initiated a similar process of reform and democratization a year ago.
Regulation of the Broadcasting sector: The broadcasting sector needs to be reformed as well to ensure for a diverse and pluralistic broadcasting sector.  I have identified above some of the key characteristics of a “good” broadcasting law.  In ARTICLE 19’s experience, a first step towards ensuring an appropriate regulation of the broadcasting sector could be the establishment of a fully independent regulatory body.  There are many examples around the world of laws establishing such bodies which could be helpful in this process. 
Multi-stakeholder / participatory approach: As suggested by ARTICLE 19 in its suggestions to the Tunisian government regarding the constitutional reform process, the Government of Myanmar also “needs to “bring human rights home” into the domestic legal order and establish and embed a “human rights culture” in society so that rights are not alien, but familiar entitlements for its individual members.  This requires human rights education for the public as well as state administration.”[16]  In particular, the Myanmar judiciary should be trained in the judicial practice and implementation of human rights law, including Myanmar’s current and future international human rights obligations. Importantly, NGOs, intergovernmental organisations and the media should be able to monitor the compliance of Myanmar’s state organs and public bodies with the new laws and commitments.
Support is on offer:  People, governments and non-governmental organisations around the world are keen to see that the Myanmar democratic reform is a success story.  No one is interested in seeing it collapse or getting sidetracked or shying away from its true mission. It means that support is on offer. ARTICLE 19 and many others are offering their expertise and support to the Government of Myanmar, the Media and civil society in its important journey towards strengthening human rights protection and the rule of law in the country, and establishing independent media. 

CONCLUSION

At the outset I emphasised that law is the essential business of government and noted the critical part to be played by the tripartite system of law making, law enacting and law protection.  The legislators, executive and judiciary fulfil critical functions without which the rule of law fails and the fabric of sustainable society falls. 
To set solid foundations for sustainable society, there are important laws, which should be drafted according to international standard and enacted accordingly.  Critical are those that protect and uphold the rights to freedoms of expression, assembly and information and freedom of the press.  They are a stable society’s backbone and shoulder blades.
Robust legal frameworks for freedoms of expression, information and the media are critical and irrevocable human rights in their own right.  They are also powerful social goods in that they enable government to fulfil its tri-partite functions, to maintain its responsibilities to the law and to uphold the best practices of good governance.  The transparency provided by freedom of information, the scrutiny provided by freedom of the press and the critique provided by freedom of expression create the environment in which high quality accountability government can flourish and deepen. 
In other words if law is the skeletal framework on which stands and falls the strength and sustainability of a society, then the rights to freedoms of expression, information and the press is also a government’s personal trainer!  A challenge, a goal, an encouragement and a motivator:  without which no government can perform to the highest standard or achieve the best possible for those who give governments its raison d’etre: the people.


[1] Catherine Pitt, Bridging the Human Rights and Development discourses: Is the Right to Freedom of Expression of use to Development?, dissertation, MSc in the faculty of Economics, LSE, London, 2005.
[2] Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism (Arts 13 and 29 American Convention on Human Rights) Advisory Opinion OC-5/85, November 13, 1985, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (Ser. A) No 5 (1985).
[3] Castells v. Spain, 24 April 1992, Application No. 11798/85, para. 43.
[4] UN General Assembly Resolution 217A(III), adopted 10 December 1948.
[5] Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F. 2d 876 (1980) (US Circuit Court of Appeals, 2nd circuit).
[6] Article 2 of the ICCPR, GA res. 2200A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966); 999 UNTS 171; 6 ILM 368 (1967).
[7] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 34, Freedoms of Opinion and Expression (Article 19), CCPR/C/GC/34, 12 September 2011, See paras 18-19.
[8] See Communication No 1022/2001, Velichin v Belarus, Views adopted on 20 October 2005.
[9] ARTICLE 19, Tunisia Constitution Brief, March 2011, forthcoming
[10] Leonardus J.M. de Groot v The Netherlands, No. 578/1994, CCPR/C/54/D/578/1994 (1995).
[11] Ibid.
[12] ARTICLE 19, Tunisia Constitution Brief, March 2011, forthcoming
[13] The following section is based on a report produced by ARTICLE 19 for the UPR process of March 2011.
[14] IMS Report, January 2012
[15] ARTICLE 19, Tunisia Press Law, Legal Analysis, 2011
[16] ARTICLE 19, Tunisia Constitution Brief, March 2012



Link : http://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/3006/en/burma:-role-of-freedom-of-expression-in-democratisation-processes